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• Other/Another/The other
  • Jednotné číslo - another, the other
  • Množné číslo - (the) other, (the) others
  • Další významy
• Modal verbs
• Past modal
  • Could have, would have, should have
• Present wishes
• Regrets (litovat)
• Passive form
• Agreement/Disagreement
  • Responses
  • The power of consent
  • So/neither do I
• ALREADY + YET
• Causative
• Důraz na něco
• Confused words
• Gerund vs. infinitive
• BOTH...AND.../EITHER...OR.../NEITHER...NOR...
• Přípony
• Adverbs of frequency (How often?)
• Which x what
• Much, many, a lot
• Little, few
• One/ones (jen počitatelná)
• This/that/these/those
• There is vs. It is
• Předpřítomný čas a přísudek jmenný se sponou
• Do
• DO x MAKE
• EVERY x EACH
• CAN - umět
• SAY something x TELL someone
• Místo - u někoho doma
• PREFER
• FEEL LIKE
• CONJUNCTIONS
• BE -> GET (změna stavu)
• LET'S (NOT)
• Hedging
• PPF - Past, present and future activities
• Speculating about the past
• Them (jednotné číslo - ho/ji)
• It x There
• So x Such
• Regrets
  • 1. Wish / if only + past perfect
  • 2. Third conditional (if + past perfect / would + have + past participle)
  • 3. Should + have + past participle
  • 4. Regret + gerund or regret that
• Discourse markers
• No/any circumstances
• Self / selves
• Contractions and Reductions
• Look, smell, feel
• Odd x Even

Other/Another/The other

https://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2007030903-other-another-the-other

• jako přídavné jméno
• jako zájmeno

Jednotné číslo - another, the other

THE OTHER - myšleno druhý kus (ze dvou skupin/možností)

• There were two men. One was sleeping, the other was reading.

ANOTHER (an+other) - myšleno další a další a další (více možností)

• another man
• another house
• Yes, that joke was funny. Tell me another (one).
• I don't like this one. I want another (one).
• Give me another five minutes. (bere se to jako jeden celek)
• Another time - time může být i počitatelné

Množné číslo - (the) other, (the) others

THE OTHER(S) - ti ostatní (z nějaké skupiny)

• the other classmates (my other classmates)
• the other films (his other films)
• There were many dogs. One was black, the others (=the other dogs) were white.
• I failed but the others passed.

OTHER(S) - jiní, druzí, další

• other people
• some apples are green, others are red, others are yellow,...
• Others can do it much better. (jiní to umí mnohem lépe - other people)

Další významy

EACH OTHER, ONE ANOTHER - vzájemně

• They love each other.
• They help one another.

THE OTHER DAY - před pár dny, nedávno, tuhle

• I saw him the other day.

EVERY OTHER - každý druhý

• Every other day I go to the gym.

Modal verbs

Past modal

Could have, would have, should have

could/would/should + (not) + have + past participle

• These past tense modals are useful for expressing your present feelings about a past decision (or other action).
• Could have, would have and should have are sometimes called modals of lost opportunities.

Use:

• Could have -> Possible, but didn't happen
• Would have -> Regret about the past (the 3rd conditional)
• Should have -> Sorry about past decision

Examples:

• He should have asked one of his professors for a recommendation. (but he didn't)
• I would have loaned you the money, but I didn’t have any.
• She could have gone to any college she wanted to.

Present wishes

• I’d like to take up
• I wouldn’t mind seeing
• I would rather go
• I would sooner stay
• She’d prefer to have

I would sooner stay at home - To už bych dřív zůstal doma

Regrets (litovat)

PAST

would + have + liked + full infinitive

Litoval jsem toho v minulosti, ale teď už mi to nevadí.

• I would have liked to sail at least once
• At the time I would have liked to have more children

PRESENT

would + like + to have + past participle

Stále toho lituji.

• I would like to have had a big party
• I would like to have felt important even just for one day

Passive form

We use this type of sentence when:

• we don’t know who does the action
• we aren’t interested in who does the action
• it’s obvious who does the action

Example:

• The newspaper is delivered to my house.

Agreement/Disagreement

Responses

The power of consent

It would be a nice idea

We ought to - měli bychom (jak should, více formální, méně používané)

It would be a pity not to (byla by škoda něco neduělat)

It’s vital (životně důležité)

So/neither do I

I am happy (pouze pro kladný-kladný a záporný-záporný)

• I am happy. -> So am I. (I am happy too. / Me too.)
• I am not happy. -> Neither [nýdr] am I. (I am not happy either / Me neither.)
• I am happy. -> I am not.
• I am not happy. -> I am.

Neither

• Neither [najdr] Ulf nor Thorsten like English food.

ALREADY + YET

• Already
  • Už
  • Kladné odpovědi
• Yet
  • Ještě ne
  • Otázky a záporné odpovědi
  • Na konci

Causative

  Have + something/noun + past participle

I am going to have the grass cut. - Nechám si posekat trávník. (nebudu dělat já)

I am going to cut the grass - Posekám trávník (já osobně)

  "get something done" is often used in a more informal/conversational English

  Have Someone Do Something / Get Someone to Do Something

I had the cleaner clean the house.

I had the house cleaned.

Důraz na něco

  Změna slovosledu -> Slovosled otázky

Hardly - when -> sotva...

• Hardly had maternity leave reached a decent level when it was severely cut again in a disgraceful move by this administration.

No sooner - than

• No sooner had this government been elected than they began to destroy the superb health care system that was once the pride of the country.

Confused words

Unless vs. If

1. You’ll fail the exam unless you study.
2. You’ll fail the exam if you don’t study.

In the event vs. In case (v případě vs. pro případ)

1. Use the fire extinguisher in the event of fire.
2. We have the fire extinguishers in case there’s a fire.

In case - pro případ

• To prepare now for a future possib
• Please ensure a friend or family member has our contact details in case they need to call us on your behalf.

In the event of - jestli se stane

• If this happens in the future
• This contract will be null and void in the event of Wilson Pipes Ltd.

Provided - za předpokladu

• Only if
• Provided no damage is found, this last month’s rent will be returned to tenants who are leaving.

Unless - když ne

• Except for these circumstances
• A new contract will be drawn up as soon as possible unless either of the parties involved has good reason not to proceed.

Whether - jestli

• If
• Full rent is payable on the 4th day of each month and we should be informed on that day whether you wish to vacate the property or not.

Gerund vs. infinitive

Want to, wish to, ask to, need.

Enjoy, love, like, hate

• Mohu zvolit obě varinaty
• Like eating - zaměření na ten děj/aktivitu - důraz, vždycky
• Like to eat - většinou přidávám další upřesnění (I like to go holiday on September)

I am thinking of finishing this exercise now

• Thinkig of doing

Využití gerundia jako:

• Podmět
  • V novinách, časopisech a komunikaci je vhodné vytvářet komprimované názvy obsahující gerundium
  • Camera system controlling the Munich metro stations
  • Teplotní účinky polovodičů na spotřebu elektrického zařízení
  • Temperature semiconductor affecting of consuption of electric device
  • Vodivost materiálů umožňující zlepšování provozních parametrů počítače
  • Material conductivity enabling enhancement of working parameters of computer
• Přísudek
• Předmět
  • Everyday practice brings new information on developing new systems
  • Microsoft expert lectures optimizing of SQL queries
  • Our parents company spoke about the first meeting in the fair
  • Our company presented new behaving of mobile application

BOTH...AND.../EITHER...OR.../NEITHER...NOR...

Platí oba/platí jeden/neplatí žádný (čti najdr)

• He speaks both German and English.
• Both Peter and his sister visited him.
• She can either sing or dance.
• She can neither sing nor dance.

Přípony

Přidáním přípony -able získáme slovesné přídavné jméno (-telný)

• Runnable - ke spuštění
• Controllable - kontrolovatelný
• Processable - ke zpracování/zpracovatelný

Přidáním přípony -ing získáme slovesné podstatné jméno

Adverbs of frequency (How often?)

  Na začátek nebo za podmět
  - Normally, I…
  - I normally…

Other adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom (zřídkakdy), occasionally (občas)

Which x what

• Which: Který (z vás), kdo (z vás), který (určitý)
• What: Jaký

Much, many, a lot

• A lot of my friends work here
• A lot of water was wasted
• Much, many - v otázkách, záporných větách, ustálených vazbách
  • How many friends do you have?
  • How much money do you have?
  • I don't have many friends.
  • I don't have much money.
  • There were too/so many people.
  • I have too/so much work.
  • You can drink as much beer as you want.
  • You can take as many books as you want.
  • Thank you very much.
  • I like the book very much.

Little, few

A little, a few (trochu, pár, několik) - označují větší část než little, few

• Little milk
• Little information
• A little money
• A little time
• Few people
• Few cars
• A few friends
• A few books

One/ones (jen počitatelná)

• This/that (blue) one
• A/the blue one
• Which one would you prefer
• These/those (blue) ones
• Some/the blue ones
• Which ones…

This/that/these/those

• This - tento
• That - tamten
• These - tito
• Those - tamti

There is vs. It is

  There is (podmět je znám) x it is (neurčitý podmět)

• What day is it? It's Monday.
• What time is the meeting? I'm not sure, but I know it's in the afternoon.
• Who is that girl in the picture? It's my sister, Hannah.
• It's time to go to school.
• It is very hot in Mallorca in the summer.
• There is an apple in the fridge.
• There are 8 students in my class.
• There is a lot of cheese on the pizza.
• There are going to be a lot of people at the party.
• There are a lot of candles on my birthday cake.

Předpřítomný čas a přísudek jmenný se sponou

Pozor na rozdíl mezi předpřítomným časem a přísudkem jmenným se sponou (být):

V praxi se více používá předpřítomný čas, než jmenný přísudek se sponou. Ten totiž dává mnohem primitivnější informace a prakticky neumožňuje tvořit slušná souvětí.

Do

• Pomocné sloveso
  • Do you know it.
• Plnovýznamové sloveso
  • Do your best.
• Důraz na sloveso
  • I do know this. / Já to skutečně vím.

DO x MAKE

• Do - povinnost
• Make - něco tvořit

EVERY x EACH

• Every
  • Každý ve smyslu obecného, neznamená to úplně všichni
  • Every baby drinks milk.
• Each
  • Úplně každý dané množiny
  • Each chair in this room is brown.

CAN - umět

• Can you swim? Yes, I can.
• Umíš plavat? Ano, umím.

SAY something x TELL someone

• Rober said (that)… to me
• Robert told me (that)…

Místo - u někoho doma

• At the dentist's
• At my grandma's

PREFER

I prefer to do. = I prefer doing.
I prefer sth. TO sth.
I prefer doing sth. TO doing sth.

• I prefer to live in the country. = I prefer living in the country.
• I prefer dogs to cats.
• I prefer driving to travelling by train.

FEEL LIKE

mám chuť/cítím se na/já bych...

I feel like doing…
I don't feel like doing…
Do you feel like doing…?

• I feel like going out. How about you?
• I feel like dancing.

CONJUNCTIONS

• I will call you as soon as I get home.

BE -> GET (změna stavu)

• It's late -> It's getting late (Je pozdě -> připozdívá se)
• I was hungry -> I got hungry (Měl jsem hlad -> Dostal jsem hlad)

LET'S (NOT)

• Let's = Let us
• Let's go home.
• Let's buy him a present.
• Let's not go there.

Hedging

We may want to say that we fully believe that the information is always true, or we may want to say that we aren’t sure if the information is completely true.

use a range of special reporting verbs, like appears
use modal verbs like could, may and might
include subjects like scientists, experts, researchers or studies

PPF - Past, present and future activities

Speculating about the past

When speculating about the past

modal verbs or passive structures followed by have + past participle

• Mansa Musa is said to have spent massive quantities of gold,...
  • Říká se, že Mansa Musa utratil obrovské množství zlata,...
• In fact, his spending may have destabilised the regional economy,...
  • Ve skutečnosti jeho výdaje mohly destabilizovat regionální ekonomiku,...

Them (jednotné číslo - ho/ji)

them můžu použít, když nevím, jestli mužský nebo ženský rod -> ...of replacing them

It x There

Dummy subjects

• It is raining.
• It's late.
• It's a great day.
• There (dummy) is a dog over there (příslovce).
• I'm afraid there is a problem.
• There (dummy) are a lot of people here (příslovce). / Tady je hodně lidí.

It can be a real subject

• Look at that dog. It is big. (it refers to the dog)

There as an adverb

• There (dummy) is a dog over there (příslovce).
• The dog is over there by the cat. / Pes je tamhle u kočky.

So x Such

• So -> následuje přídavné jm.
• Such -> následuje podstatné jm.

Regrets

1. Wish / if only + past perfect

• I wish I hadn't said that.
• If only I had listened to you.

2. Third conditional (if + past perfect / would + have + past participle)

• If I had known, I wouldn’t have done that.

3. Should + have + past participle

• I shouldn’t have told you anything.

4. Regret + gerund or regret that

• I regret buying these trainers.

Discourse markers

• Začátek diskuze: "Well, to begin with..." (No, začněme...)
• Přidání informací: "Moreover,..." (Navíc...)
• Kontrast: "However,..." (Nicméně...)
• Shrnutí: "In conclusion,..." (Závěrem...)
• Vyjádření souhlasu: "Exactly!" (Přesně tak!)
• Nepřímá kritika: "Some people might say that..." (Někteří by možná řekli, že...)
• Přesměrování konverzace: "Anyway, let's move on to..." (Každopádně, pojďme přejít k...)
• Další: well, like, oh no, so, yeah, woah, okay, I guess..., oh my gosh, right, all right, wait,...

No/any circumstances

• Sloveso v záporu
  • I will not lend you my car under any circumstances. / Nepůjčím ti auto za žádných okolností.
• Sloveso bez záporu, ale překládá se jako záporné
  • Under no circumstances should you open that door. / Za žádných okolností bys neměl otevřít ty dveře.

Self / selves

• Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
• The subject and object are the same
  • Tom washed himself.
  • The cats washed themselves.
• Self alone is noun
  • What would you tell your younger self, if you could?
• Compound words (with a hyphen)
  • self-defense, self-help, self-service,...

Contractions and Reductions

Look, smell, feel

• Vjemy - používáme adjektivum místo příslovce
  • The soup smells delicious.
  • The flowers look beautiful.
  • The fabric feels soft.

Odd x Even

• Odd (lichý) x Even (sudý) - podle počtu písmen