Tences

INTRO
PRESENT TENCES
- PRESENT SIMPLE
- PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PAST TENCES
- PAST SIMPLE
- PAST CONTINUOUS
FUTURE TENCES
PERFECT TENCES

INTRO

Nepoužívá se v průběhu:

Know, have, be, believe, belong, consist, containt, doubt, fit, like, love, matter mean, need, own, prefer, seem suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish

CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)

-ing/-ning

Zdvojuje se u souhláska-samohláska-souhláska (jednoslabičné i dvouslabičné)
  - Swimming

-ie > ying (dying, lying)
-e  > -ing (making)

-ing -> nevyslovovat g!!!

State verbs x Event

Be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh
The differences here apply to all tense forms, not just to the present tense forms.

State	Event
The fish tastes awful.	I'm just tasting the soup.
This bag weighs a ton.	We're weighing the baby.
It depends what you mean.	Bil, I'm depending on you to win this contract for us.
I feel that you are wrong.	I'm feeling terrible.
I think I like you!	David's thinking about getting a new job.
Jack is noisy.	Jill's being noisy.
Jack has a Porsche.	We're having an interesting conversation.

PRESENT TENCES

Plán
Je to naplánované - nějaký časový plán
- When is your birthday? (Je to naplánované, nemění se to)

PRESENT SIMPLE

3. osoba -s/-es

Použití:

Facts that are always true
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Habits
- British people drink a lot of tea.
States
- I don't like coffee.
Other uses
- Making declaration
  - I hope you'll come to my party.
  - I bet you don't know the answer.
  - I hereby declare this hospital open.
- Headlines (the past are usually simplified to the present simple)
  - Ship sinks in midnight collision.
- Instructions and itineraries
  - First you roll out the pastry.
  - On day three we visit the pyramids.
- Summaries of events (historical events)
  - May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end.
- Historic present in narrative and funny stories
  - So then the second man asks for the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says...

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

am/is/are + -ing

Použití:

Actions which are in progress at the moment (can be temporary)
- I'm staying in a hotel until I find a flat.
Actually in progress
- The dog is sleeping on our bed.
Generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment
- I'm learning to drive.
State verbs and event verbs - usually no continuous form
- Believe, belong, consist, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, own, prefer, realize, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish
Other uses
- Temporary situations
  - Are you enjoying your stay here?
- Repeated actions
  - My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days.
- Complaint about annoying habits (always, constantly, forever)
  - You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking!
- With verbs describing change and development
  - The weather is getting worse.
  - More and more people are giving up smoking.

PAST TENCES

Děj v minulosti v určitý čas
Přerušení
Parallel actions

PAST SIMPLE

Verb + -ed

Použití:

Completed actions
- I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again.
Habits
- Every day I went to the park.
States
- I those days, I didn't like reading.

PAST CONTINUOUS

was/were + -ing

Použití:

Actions in progress (often interrupted)
- I was walking along the road when I saw an accident.
- I was drinking my coffee in the time.
Background description in narrative
- I entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out of the window and pretending to write something at the same time.
Changing states
- The car was getting worse all the time.
Repeated actions - criticism
- You were always complaining about the food.

FUTURE TENCES

By/until - do

By - značí nejzazší dobu, ale může být dříve (do konce týdne tu bude ten podepsaný papír)
Until - myšleno celý časový úsek
- A won't be home until late.

In/At the end

In the end - na konci (na závěr všeho)
At the end - na konci čeho (at the end of...)

FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL)

Will + verb

Použití:

Slovesa: think, believe, expect, be sure, be afraid, hope, possibly, perhaps, certainly
- I hope you will come
- Can -> will be able to
Unplanned
Offers / Request
Instant suggestion
No decided
Immediate decision
- I'll take this one.
Prediction
Future fact
- He will be 50 next month
- Nezměníme to
Výhružky, sliby
- I will kill you
- I will pay you…

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (WILL BE -ING)

Will + be + -ing

Použití:

Budoucí děje
- Probíhá v určitý čas v budoucnu a děj je DOČASNÝ
- Zaměřuju se na děj
- What we will be doing at a particular time in the future
Zdvořilostní otázky
- Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could you get me some milk?
Fixed arrangements and plans
- The band will be performig live in Paris this summer.

PRESENT SIMPLE jako budoucnost

Použití:

Fixní čas
- Jízdní řád
- Rozvrh ve škole
- Fixed events
  - Tom retires in three years.
  - Christmas is on a Tuesday next year.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS jako budoucnost

Použití:

Future fixed arrangements
Udat čas nebo místo nebo datum
Similar to GOING TO
- I am having a party next week. / I am going to have a party next week.

GOING TO

Going to + verb

Použití:

Decided
- Nejistý výsledek, ještě jsem neučinil kroky, které vedou k cíli, přemýšlel jsem o tom (narozdíl od present continuous, kde už mi v tom zabrání jen vyšší moc)
- At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made
- Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future
Describe an event whose cause is present or evident
- Look at that tree! It's going to fall.
Prediction
- Na základě něčeho předpovídáme budoucnost
  - Např. Černá obloha znamená déšť

Other ways of reffering to the future

Be about to, be on the point of, be due to, just / just about to
- Be about to, be on the point of refer to the next moment
  - I think the play is about to start now.
- Be due to refers to scheduled time
  - The train is due to arrive at 10:30. (or is due at 10:30)
- Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening (něco, co se děje)
  - Hurry up! The train is just leaving / just about to leave.

Other future references

Hope
- I hope it doesn't rain.
- I hope it won't rain.
Other verbs followed by will
- Think, believe, expect, doubt
- Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference
- I expect the train will be late.
- I doubt whether United will win.
Shall
- Shall for the first person singular and plural is now used in questions in everyday informal speech

PERFECT TENCES

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Have/has (not) + past participle

I have been TO the USA twice.
I have never been to the USA.
Have you been to the USA?
Have you ever been to the USA?
Where have you been?

Použití:

Životní zkušenost (ever/never = before), už jsme někdy něco dělali
Neptá se, kdy jsem to zažil
Already / yet (otázka/ zápory)
- Have you done the homework yet?
- Yes, I have already done the homework.
- No, I haven't done homework yet.
Just / already
- Just - stalo se "short time ago", jinak already
- Is Bob here? No, he’s just gone home – 2 minutes ago!
Věci, které se staly v časovém úseku a stále probíhají
- I have eaten 1 meal today. (Dnes ještě můžu sníst další jídla)
- I ate 3 meals yesterday.
- Shakespeare wrote 56 plays. (Už je mrtvý, další nenapíše)
- My friend has written 3 books. (Můj kamarád ještě může napsat)
Today / this year / this month
Recently / lately / in past few days - něco se stalo nedávno
- I have just cooked my lunch
Něco se stalo bez udání času
- Have you washed your hands?
Pokud např. popisuju zkušenosti, tak použiju předpřítomný čas, pokud ale rozepisuju do detailu, tak už pak použiju čas minulý.
- He has also worked in a nightclub. He loved this job because he could wear really chic clothes and he earned a lot of money.
When we refer to the past, but we don’t know or we don’t say exactly when something happened, we use present perfect
When we refer to the past and we say when something happened or we want to give more information, we use past simple
Use for when we refer to a quantity of time.
Use since when we refer to a specific date or point in time.
A habitual (obvyklé) action in a period of time up to the present
- I have played tennis every morning for the last month.
Contrast with the past simple
- Time expression which refer to definite time
  - I've bought a new car. (indefinite time)
  - I bought a new car last week. (definite time)
  - I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the card we talked about)
- The attitude of the speaker
  - I've left my wallet in the car. I'm going back to get it. (The event is connected with the present)
  - I left my wallet in the car. I'm going back to get it. (The speaker may feel more separated in time from the event)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Have/has + been + verb s -ing

I have been living here for 5 years.
I haven't been living here for 5 years, I have been for 3.
Have you been living here for 5 years?
How long have you been living here (for)?

Použití:

A state which lasts up to the present moment
- I've been waiting for you for three hours!
An incomplete activity
- I've been cleaning the but I still haven't finished.
To emphasize duration
- I've been writting letters all morning.
A recently finished activity
- I've been running. That's why I look so hot.
A repeated activity
- I've been taking French lessons this year.

Contrast with Present perfect simple:

Some verbs are more often used in the continuous form
- Sit, lie, wait, stay
Completion x Incompletion
- I've ironed five shirts.
- I've been ironing my shirts.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE x CONTINUOUS

Použití:

Finished and important to present (experience)
Unfinished actions, still doing
For x since
- How long / duration
- Since can be used only with perfect tences
  - Od kdy, bod v čase
- For a long time
  - Jak dlouho
They have eaten the pizza. - pizza už není
They have been eating the pizza. - pizza ještě je
She has borrowed our car. - ještě to auto má stále půjčené
She has been borrowing our car every Thursday. - stále si ho ještě půjčuje
I have lived here for 5 years. - trvalý stav, bude pokračovat
I have been living here for 5 years. - mohu bydlet v budoucnu jinde (není tak permanentní, dočasný stav)

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Had (not) + past participle

After he had finished his lunch, he went out.
Had you finished your lunch before you went out?
He hadn't finished his lunch before he went out.

Použití:

Vyprávění něčeho
Nejčastěji: Before x After
Contractions: I had -> I'd, it had -> it'd,…
State verbs (see, taste, smell) - no continuous
Continuous
- Action is still happening
- Chci zdůraznit délku děje
- Temporary

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Had + been + -ing

We had been waiting here for 5 minutes before she came.
How long had you been waiting here before she came?
We hadn't been waiting here for more than 5 minutes before she came.

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

Will + have + past participle

I will have already left by the time you come back.
I will not/won't have already left by the time you come back.
Will you have left by the time I come back?

Použití:

Děje, které nastanou před jiným dějem v budoucnosti
Děje, které se dokončí před konkrétním časem v budoucnosti (kdykoliv do toho času)
Děj, který bude pokračovat do nějakého času v budoucnosti

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Will + have + been + -ing

I will have been playing the guitar for 2 years by March.
How long will you have been playing the guitar for 2 years by March?