Reported speech
EN Study
Nepřímá řeč
- They had no choice. They had to do it. -> He said they hadn't any choice. They had had to do it.
- He is a doctor. -> He said he is a doctor. (Pouze pokud je stále doktorem!)
- Everyday speech
- Není třeba posouvat čas na předminulý
- 'I wanted to go to the cinema, but John wasn't so keen,' Sue said.
- Sue said that she wanted to go to the cinema, but John wans't so keen.
PRESENT -> PAST
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| Am/is/are |
Was/were |
| Am/is/are doing |
Was/were doing |
| Do |
Did |
| Must/have to |
Had to |
| Can |
Could |
| Is/are going to |
Was/were going to |
PAST -> PAST PERFECT
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| Was/were |
Had been |
| Was/were doing |
Had been doing |
| Did |
Had done |
| Had to |
Had had to |
| Could |
Had been able/allowed to |
FUTURE -> "WOULD"
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| Will be |
Would be |
| Will be doing |
Would be doing |
| Will do |
Would do |
| Will have to |
Would have to |
| Will be abble/allowed to |
Would be able/allowed to |
PRESENT PERFECT -> PAST PERFECT
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| Have done |
Had done |
| Have been doing |
Had been doing |
PAST PERFECT -> PAST PERFECT
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| Had done |
Had done |
| Had been doing |
Had been doing |
MODALS
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| May |
Might |
| Will |
Would |
| Can |
Could |
| Must |
Had to / Must |
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| Could |
Could |
| Would |
Would |
| Should |
Should |
| Might |
Might |
URČENÍ ČASU A MÍSTA
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| Here |
There |
| Now |
Then, immediately |
| Today |
That day |
| Tonight |
That night |
| Tomorrow |
The next/following day |
| Yesterday |
The day before/the previous day |
| Ago |
Before |
| This week |
That week |
| Last week |
The week before/the previous week |
| Next week |
The next/following week |
Výjimka
If the situation has not changed, it is not necessary to change the tense.
- Peter said that he was at home. (Maybe he is still at home now. Maybe he isn’t.)
- Peter said he is at home. (He is still at home now.)
Conditional sentences
- Real situations
- 'If we leave now, we'll catch the train.'
- I told him that if we left then, we would catch the train.
- Hypothetical situations (verb form changes are not made if possible future)
- 'If you came back tomorrow, I'd be able to help you.'
- She said that if I came back the next day, she would be able to help me.
- Clearly hypothetical and impossible (time changes are made)
- 'If I had a spanner, I could fix it.'
- He said that if he had had a spanner, he could have fixed it.
- Hypothetical past condition (time changes are not made)
- 'If she hadn't helped me, I wouldn't have succeeded.'
- She said that if she hadn't helped him, he wouldn't have succeeded.
Don't think
- Statements reported with verbs of thinking such as think, expect, suppose usually transfer the negative from the statement to the reporting verb.
- I don't think he will come. (This means I think he won't come.)
Reporting verbs
Verbs followed by a that + clause (with * can be followed by a person)
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| add |
admit |
agree |
announce |
argue |
| believe |
claim |
complain |
confirm |
consider |
| decide |
deny |
doubt |
estimate |
*expect |
| explain |
feel |
hope |
imply |
insist |
| mean |
mention |
object |
*persuade |
predict |
| *promise |
*reassure |
reckon |
remark |
repeat |
| replay |
report |
say |
state |
suggest |
| suppose |
*tell |
think |
*threaten |
*warn |
Verbs followed by person + to
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| advice |
ask |
forbid |
instruct |
invite |
| order |
persuade |
remind |
tell |
warn |
Verbs followed by subjunctive or should
- They suggested that she should apply again.
- They suggested that she apply again. (formal, without third person s)
- We propose that you leave/should leave your position at the end of the year.
- She recommended that they stay / should stay in the Grand Hotel.
- Some other verbs:
- advice, agree, demand, insist, prefer, propose, recommend, request, suggest, urge
Verbs which can be followed by that + clause containing would
- Decide, expect, hope, promise, threaten
- Report statements contain will
- I'll leave at 8:00.
- She decided to leave at 8:00.
- She decided (that) she would leave at 8:00.
- 'I'll come back later.'
- He promised he would come back later.
Functions
Many verbs describe a function, rather than reporting speech. Some examples are:
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| admit |
complain |
request |
suggest |
| advise |
invite |
remind |
warn |
| agree |
persuade |
threaten |
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- 'Look, if I were you I'd leave early,' she said.
- She advised me to leave early.
Some verbs describe actions. Some examples are:
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| accept |
congratulate |
decide |
| greet |
interrupt |
introduce |
- 'Hi, Dave, how are you?' he said.
- He greeted me.
Changes of viewpoint
- Changes of time, place and person reference are assumed known at this level. In reported speech, there is no longer a clear reference which can be understood by two people in the same place.
- I left the parcel on this chair.
- He said he had left the parcel on the chair by the window.
- I love this town.
- She said she loved the town.