Relative clauses and non-finite clauses

EN Study

• Defining and non-defining clauses
• Which, who and that (který)
• Who and whom
• Whose
• When and where
• Ommiting the relative pronoun
• Ommiting which/who + be
• Which
• What and whatever
• Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form

Defining and non-defining clauses

• Defining
  • Definuje osobu nebo věc, nemůže být odděleno
  • Často končí předložkou (z frázového slovesa)
  • By 4.30, there was only one painting which hadn't been sold.
  • Beth is the only person here who owns a dog.
  • That's the house I used to live in.
  • He is not someone who I really get on with.
• Non-defining
  • Přidává extra informaci, je odděleno čárkou, lze vynechat
  • By 4.30, which was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
  • Beth, who already wons a dog, said she couldn't look after another one.

Which, who and that (který)

• Which
  • Používá se pro věci
• Who
  • Používá se pro lidi
• That
  • Používá se pro lidi i věci, neformální
  • Everyday speech v defining clauses
  • Nepoužívá se v non-defining clauses
  • Nepoužívá se za předložkou

Examples

• By 4.30, there was only one painting that hadn't been sold.
• The train, which was already an hour late, broke down again.
• It was a service for which I will be eternally grateful.
• Do you know the girl that lives next door?
• Beth is the only person here that owns a dog.

Who and whom

• Whom
  • Formální
  • object form of who
  • Pokud za předložkou

Examples

• He was a person whom everyone regarded as trustworthy.
• He was a person who everyone regarded as trustworthy.
• He was someone for whom I felt great respect.
• He was someone who I felt great respect for.
• To whom am I speaking?
• Who am I speaking to?

Whose

• = of whom
• Defining and non-defining clauses
• Several guests, whose cars were parked outside, were waiting at the door.
• Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager.

When and where

• Non-defining
  • When and where follow specific time or place
  • Come back at 3.30, when I won't be so busy.
  • I stopped in Maidstone, where my sister owns a shop.
• Defining
  • When follows words such as time, day, moment
    • There is hardly a moment when I don't think of you, Sophia.
  • Where follows words such as place, house, street
    • This is the street where I live.

Ommiting the relative pronoun

• In defining clauses in everyday speech
  • I've found the keys (which/that) I've been looking for.
  • That's the man (who/that) I saw at the party.

Ommiting which/who + be

• In defining clauses
• Reduce a verb phrase to an adjectival phrase
  • Jim was the only one of his platoon who had not been taken prisoner.
  • Jim was the only one of his platoon not taken prisoner.
  • By 4.30, there was only one painting which hadn't been sold.
  • By 4.30, there was only one painting not sold.

Which

• Comment whole situation
  • There was nobody left on the train, which made me suspicious.
  • We got there at 9.00, which meant we missed the start of the film.
• Which, such as, at which time/point, in which case, by which time, in which event
  • I watched the play until the end of the first act, at which point I felt I had seen enough.
  • A warning sign 'Overheat' may come on, in which case turn off the appliance at once.
  • We stayed there until after twelve, by which time it was raining hard.

What and whatever

• What
  • I can't believe what you told me yesterday.
  • What I'd like is a nice cold drink.
  • What you should do is write a letter to the manager.
• Whatever, whoever, whichever
  • You can rely on Helen to do whatever she can.
  • Please take whichever one you prefer.
  • Whoever arrives first can turn on the heating.

Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form

• Actions happening at the same time
  • Waving their scarves and shouting, the fans ran onto the pitch.
• One action happening before another
  • Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for $100.
  • Picking up the car keys, she left the house.
  • Realizing there was no one at home, I left the parcel in the shed.
  • Finding the door open, I went in.
  • Might begin with on or upon
    • Upon opening the letter...
    • On picking up...
• An event which is the result of another event
  • I didn't get wet, having remembered to take an umbrella.
• Where a passive construction might be expected, this is often shortened to a past participle
  • Having been abandoned by his colleagues, the minister was forced to resign.
  • Abandoned by his colleagues, the minister was forced to resign.